ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to discuss the impact of electromagnetic field (EMF) on pregnancy under the light of current literature findings. Magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the modern society, and concerns have been expressed regarding possible adverse effects on pregnancy of these exposures. Although research on EMF fields has been performed for more than two decades, and the methodology and quality of studies have improved over time, there are still inadequate data for reproductive outcomes of affected mothers. Human data reviewed concern the potential pregnancy effects (mainly spontaneous abortions, low birthweight, preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction and congenital malformations) of exposure to sources of EMFs; maternal residence, electrically heated beds, occupational exposure (mainly video display terminals), and medical exposures. The available epidemiologic studies all have limitations that prevent to draw clearcut conclusions on the effects of EMFs on human reproduction. Although there are few case control studies reporting the association of adverse pregnancy outcomes and EMF exposure, most cohort and case-control studies have failed to show such risks. In conclusion, pregnant women should be aware of EMF sources, be informed about such harmful effects on pregnancy and keep her away of such sources as possible, although the risk is low and under debate.